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Evaluate a chosen psychological theory and its associated method of Essay

Assess a picked mental hypothesis and its related strategy for mediation with regaurd to a picked mental disorder.Further consider the elements that affe - Essay Example The psychodynamic point of view stresses on the inside clashes, intentions and oblivious powers manage a person's clear conduct and disposition, thus tending to and settling these fundamental elements may trait in the comprehension of maladaptive conduct. In psychodynamic approach, the related manifestations are considered as a declaration of a barrier instrument with a battling internal identity ascribes to the confused example of eating or weight control conduct as an undertone to collective or lucid basic issues. In a customary psychodynamic treatment approach, these side effects are mulled over for communicating hidden issues, working through them and afterward settling them. The psychodynamic treatment meeting fundamentally comprises of weavers comprehension and organization of the transference relationship commonly comparing between the specialist and the customer. The adequacy of sole utilization of psychodynamic approach has not been demonstrated well sufficient, basically on account of twofold reasons. Right off the bat, as a rule customers experiencing intense starvation, discouragement or compulsivity that propel them having mutilated mental states and subsequently exasperating the emergency by methods for starting related difficulties like self-destructive ideation or endeavor, enthusiastic gorging or cleansing, or requirement for basic clinical consideration. This in the long run disintegrates the result of psychodynamic treatment approach, whenever applied earlier settling these issues. Also, customer may take part in psychodynamic remedial methodology for long years while utilizing themselves in the dangerous suggestive conduct too. This paper centers around the investigation of Freudian psychodynamics hypothetical points of view comparable to the dietary problem including the versatile capacity and the reason that the dietary issue serves at oblivious level. Freudian Psychodynamic Approach Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) had been significantly affected by Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894), a German physicist and doctor. Freud had been enlivened from him to propose his psychodynamic hypothesis comparable to the standards consolidating the law of thermodynamics. He speculated that clairvoyant vitality credited to the improvement of human character is a type of vitality that can nor be decimated nor be made, it must be changed over starting with one structure then onto the next, complying with the 'law of vitality'. Henceforth the study of brain research is to concentrate on the adjustment, conduction and trade of clairvoyant vitality inside the domain of character qualities crediting to the obvious shape and deciding it (Internet Encyclopedia). In his geographical structure of brain (1923) as outlined in Figure 1, Freud clarified the division of psyche as the dynamism of oblivious, preconscious and cognizant degrees of psyche by temperance of interaction among Id, Ego and Superego. Freud thought about that a large portion of our basic sentiments fusing feelings, convictions, mentalities and driving forces are covered down into oblivious level. The cognizant degree of the brain, the littlest locale, is the thing that an individual knows about. Freud portrayed that as we have the view of familiarity with our condition and the articles around us, it connotes the component of cognizant psyche. Another level is preconscious which is quickly open at whatever point

Chiquita Banana Overview Essay Example For Students

Chiquita Banana Overview Essay Chiquita Brands International. Inc. is one of the greater part of import global dealers and distributers of supplement stocks got from bananas. each piece great as different leafy foods nibble stocks. Chiquita Banana grosss for about $ 3 billion dollars a twelvemonth and utilizes more than 21. 000 individuals and works in around 70 states around the world. Chiquita Banana together with Dole. Del Monte and Fyffes control around 80 % of the planetary banana advertise. In 1993 the EU made the Common Organization of the Market in Bananas ( COMB ) to cover with the unpleasant rivalry between these organizations. They would let obligation free course to the EU yet competent to standards to bananas from the Africa’s. Caribbean and Pacific. while bananas from Latin America were competent to an import income upgrade of 176 Euros for every ton and an amount of 2533 t. As an American organization we have chosen to exploit the new settlement reducing Latin American and ACP states from sen ding out bananas to the EU. It will non be a simple endeavor since we despite everything need to compete against European banana makers. be that as it may, we are a built up organization and we are resolved to benefit from this occasion and expansion advertise divide in the European Union. PESTEL examination for the European Union POLITICAL:†¢The European Union is made out of 28 part provinces.†¢The EU has made an individual market by normalizing Torahs inside the part provinces.†¢Some of the points of making this fellowship is to improve a stream on the course of products. capital. individuals and administrations inside the fellowship. When a decent or administration is acknowledged inside the fellowship it is shielded from imposts. income improvements and import shares each piece long as they stay inside the brotherhood.†¢Free movement of capital is expected to let contributing of belongingss between states. something that could help banana agriculturists since they can search for progressively ripe land in neighboring states.†¢The monetary arrangement is the Eurozone and is administered by the European Central Bank. ECONOMIC:†¢The European Union’s GDP is positioned as figure one known to mankind representing $ 16. 58 trillion dollars.†¢Export merchandise represent $ 1. 687 trillion. a portion of the main fare companions of the European fraternity are: oUS 17. 3 % China 8. 5 %Switzerland 7. 9 %Russia 7. 3 %Turkey 4. 5 %†¢Food. beverages and baccy history for 5. 9 %†¢Import of products represent $ 2. 302 trillion dollars and the main import mates are:China 16. 2 %Russia 11. 9 %US 11. 5 %Switzerland 5. 8 %Norway 5. 6 %†¢Food. beverages and baccy history for 5. 2 % of import goods.†¢The administration segment is the greater part of import one in the EU doing up 69 % of the GDP followed by the manufacture business with 28. 4 % GDP and agribusiness for simply 2. 3 % of GDP†¢The agrarian segment is bolstered by sponsorships from the EU and directly speaks to 40-50 % of the EU’s whole payment. Sociocultural Factors:†¢There is restricted informations on European children’s organic product utilization. however, the data shows that the mean natural product utilization is around 141 g for each twenty-four hours. Organic product utilization is most noteworthy in Austria and Portugal and is the least in Iceland and Spain.†¢Girls and grown-up females devour more foods grown from the ground and male childs and work powers do. there is no basic record to this yet it’s accepted to be on the grounds that grown-up females all in all are increasingly worried about their weight and keeping up a slim fit figure.†¢Children will in general eat less natural product as they age. be that as it may, it’s the specific inverse with adults. Admission degrees expansion with age. perchance since pay and comprehension increments and one turns out to be progressively insightful of the advantages of good taking care of wonts. †¢Men once they are hitched have an expansion in natural product utilization. Ladies appear to hold an effect on their husband’s organic product utilization each piece great as the arrangement of natural products eaten. Womans will in general oversee ‘health-related’ gives more regularly than work powers so they will in general buy and cook more supplement than work forces.†¢Children’s organic product utilization degrees straight connect with how much their folks eat up. However, power per unit territory to eat natural product does non decidedly influence children’s consumption. however, it is improved when guardians are acceptable good examples and elevate them to eat leafy foods with self-viability tendencies have a higher natural product utilization in adults. other than individuals with a high confidence will in general eat more leafy foods since they bring their wellbeing into history. Innovative: †¢The EU is financing an endeavor for pesticide free foods grown from the ground by taking the threat of natural product flies. Helping husbandmans satisfy customers’ needs for safe natural products while being earth witting. oThe undertaking pretend to use a bug attractant to pull creepy crawlies and pathogens, for example, infective microorganisms. infection. organism that cause infections in growth. oThis attractant will be applied in the signifier of a creepy crawly trap close to ranches to take bugs off from manors. this will be a solid and biodegradable bedeviling station. †¢Europe is going progressively witting about keeping a purifying operator condition. the EU is focused on providing a superior from now on for the accompanying coevalss. So they practice on clean vitality. from turbines in Germany to sun powered boards in Spain. what's more, states over the EU are using regular assets of practical vitality passing on contributing to concerns and residents. LEGAL:†¢With the introduction of the Single European Market in 1993 the Common Market Organization for Bananas was placed into result ( COMB ) . Brush is worried on the bringing in. deal and conveyance of bananas. †¢A approach was set in motion leting EU suppliers to send out duty free bananas to all EU territories. Other than portions were set for African. Caribbean and Pacific states ( ACP ) upholding import licenses for a fixed pace of volume of bananas. also, constrained imports through excessively high obligations. oA amount of 857. 000 dozenss for obligation free course from ACP states †¢Three sorts of licenses were given so as to balance this amount to ACP states †¢Third states that were non considered in the portion are able to an obligation of Ecu 850 for each ton. †¢In request to hinder any loss of pay by EU banana makers a remuneration of installments for 850. 000 dozenss were conceded in case the money related qualities fell underneath the creatio n costs. Ecological: Sans †¢flat H2O coursers are regular in certain states in Europe. This does non elevate effective conduct to families and agribusiness blending to an investigation from the European Environment Agency ( EEA ) . †¢The EEA is sing H2O valuing in the undermentioned states: Croatia. Britain and Waless. France. Germany. Netherlands. Scotland. Serbia. Slovenia and Spain. †¢In most states. husbandmans are permitted to use as much H2O as they need for a level rate. By bear bringing down the whole of H2O utilized in Europe it forecasted to eliminate H2O utilized by agribusiness for around 10 †20 % . This will constrain husbandmans to non just cut down on their H2O ingestion however to put on better water system framework each piece great as fixing H2O spills. †¢The overall public in the European Union appear to back up this signal to chop down H2O overexploitation. around 84 % of the populace concur with this standard. Paper Persuasive EssayEven however soul and consistence remain practically indispensable. this sea trip abbreviates the timeframe of realistic usability to be 7-10 yearss. Portugal would be a key point for the company’s internationalization plot. A coordinations stage could be set up in Porto. a northern city in Portugal. this way we can take out two targets with one shot. We re-fuel the boats and gain them cook for their excursion to Sweden ( our top priority in footings of appropriation ) and empty a few holders to regulate Portugal’s banana request. Beside Portugal the states with the most noteworthy ingestion of bananas per capita is in Northern Europe. so another calculated stage would be helpful as a closing stop before the closing completion in each state. Le Havre. France would be a helpful area since it is south of the UK and it is less expensive to hold a dissemination community at that place in light of the fact that the euro is non each piece solid as the au thentic lb. When we have our coordinations stage set up in Le Havre we can do alterations and understandings with organizations and retail shippers that handle products of the soil having a place with the states that have the most noteworthy banana ingestion. We would present to the undermentioned end or ports: †¢Gothenburg. Sweden†¢Brighton. Joined kingdom†¢Skagen. Denmark†¢Finland is somewhat more unaccessible through the Baltic Sea. so we would move Finland’s expected bananas to Gothenburg. Sweden each piece great. From Sweden we could work another calculated way to get to Finland by truck.†¢Porto. Portugal †¢Le Havre. FranceOpportunity:Iceland is Europe’s top producer of bananas with their universe of the craftsmanship nursery installings. despite the fact that they depend on their designing they need to constantly manage their stocks and make the best possible condition for the bananas. This is the place Chiquita banana gets an opportunity since they don’t need to stress over creation the correct conditions for banana developing. the organization searches for an advantageous area for banana developing and workss the natural product. This empowers the organization to stress completely on trimming and transportation. Another favorable position that the organization has over the greatest European banana producer is that. Chiquita banana can get bananas in solid measures while Iceland’s makers need to

Differences Between Islamic Securitisation And Conventional Securitisation - Free Essay Example

Introduction: According to the topic of discussing the differences between Islamic securitisation and conventional securitisation, the discussion will lead to the satisfactory aspects of comprehensive analysis of the information gathered during the research. Moreover, it continues with the Islamic securitisation structure on the qualitative as well as quantitative basis according to the difference from the conventional securitisation structure. Securitisation which openly deals with the trade have more emphasis on the aspects to provide lucidity that it is riba-free (non-Islamic interest free) and its mechanism is based on shariah compliant system. We will be discussing different aspects that provide a clearer picture to mechanism that how it works i.e. structure, elements of risk shifting (risk scattering) and risk sharing in the deemed process so far as the area requires a lot more research to acquire steadiness in financial world and to enrich more on the topic some distinctive facts and figure are discussed as well. Background information of the topic: From the beginning of the Islamic banking in early 1960s which reckons the acuity of Islamic Shariah according to Quran and Sunnah brought into account as legal maxims with many ideas to facilitates the use of finance in both debt based and equity based. Not only Muslims countries regarding Islamic securitisation is worried about many factors to find a way out to enrich financial systems many other countries however following the conventional financial and banking systems. In the start and yet it is quite infant situation of securitisation because of the collective concerns of lenders or financier and borrowers. Lately, it has to move on with incentive compatibility and attractiveness for investors. Financial intermediaries even nowadays face quite drastic situations despite their in-house financial management; debt handling being a global concern. There is a wider line drawn understanding the differences between Islamic ways and uses of securitisation and its conventional counterpar t though it seems quite trembling discussing about when it is debt based securitisation. Refer to the figures shown below which signifies the basic mechanism of securitisation; providing a clearer picture to its importance. Figure 1.1.a Basic Process of Securitisation [According to Dr. Masum Billah] According to Masum Billah M., in his article à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Sharià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ah Frameworks of Securitisation in the Capital Marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, he discusses about securitisation being a prevalent method of financing nowadays more precisely in corporate sector. Furthermore he illustrates securitisation that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"where the company pooled its illiquid assets together and issued a claim to a pool of assetsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"when the assets are securitised, it made the assets tradable in the financial marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Furthermore, he presented the simplest definition that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"securitisation is a process where corporation converts its physical assets in to financial assetsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Masum aggregated in his words about à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the assets that have to be securitised have to be illiquid à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" cannot be traded in share market or secondary market- and should also have produce cash flows over its lifeti me. Besides that, the assets should have financial value so that they can be used as a claimed against the securitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. From the above depiction, a securitisation engages the sale of a large pool of assets by an entity or the originator that creates or purchases the assets in the course of its business to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“bankruptcy remoteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, special purpose vehicle (SPV). The SPV acts as an issuer, issue and sale the securities through either in a private placement or public offering. When securitisation process is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“closedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? funds flow from the purchasers of the securities to the issuers and from the Issuers to the Originator. All these transaction occur virtually simultaneously. (Masum) Hence, the above description is the basic structure of securitisation. The actual structures are more complex because it involves more elements and participants. Refer to the rainbow-pie chart which presents a practical implication of securitisatio n according to Commerz bank. Figure 1.1.b Paradigm of Securitisation [defined by Commerz Bank (2007)] The above implementation can be an example of securitisation though many different approaches and products that provide seamless structure on Shariah compliant way which lie still under research yet required to be evolved. Scope of the research: The entire research is nourished on the basis of salient research techniques which consist of a vast study of reference books, written journals (inclusive of e-journals), research papers, seminar notes, open survey from public and some online resources. Furthermore, it helped a lot as a combination of theoretical and statistical comparison between conventional and Islamic securitisation in the literature review (which encompasses the knowledge as well as defined focus on the topic) with ground reality at an optimum level. Literature Review: Before moving on with detailed analysis there is a need to proclaim types (structures) of securitisation in general depiction. According to Masum, there are three main structures commonly used in securitisation. The originator chooses between three types of structures: pass-throughs, asset backed bond and pay-through. Masum further defined those structures coming forth; pass-through structures likely represent the direct ownership by the originator in a portfolio of assets. The originator services the portfolio, makes collections, and passes them to the investors. In pass through, the securities is not debt obligations of the originator thus, do not appear on the originatorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial statement. Since the ownership of the assets lies with the originator, pass-through is designed to represent an assignment of a portion of ownership, rights and obligation but not a conveyance of title. (Masum) Masum elaborates that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the Asset-Backed bond is collaterised by a portfolio of assets. The Asset-Backed Bond is a debt obligation of the issuers. In the issuerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial statement, the collateral remains as assets and the Asset-Backed Bond appears as a liability. The cash flows from the asset are not dedicated to the investors. The investors only receive a part of the cash flows and the residual remains with the issuersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"One of the important aspect of the Asset-Backed Bond is that the securities is over-collateralized i.e. the value of the underlying assets is significantly in excess of the total obligation. For example, Company A issued RM1, 000,000.00 of bond using the Asset-Backed Bond structures. The value of the underlying assets that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"backedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ the bond is RM2, 500,000.00. The issuer chooses to over-collateralised its bond in order to provide some level of comfort to the investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. (Discussed by M.M. Billah in his paper) Lastly, he concluded with the final structure of securitisation is the pay-through structures. This structure has combination of pass-through and Asset-Backed Bond. The bond is collateralized by a pool of assets and appears on the issuerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s balance sheet as a debt. However, the cash flows arise from the assets is passed to the investors. The issuer only earns the service fees from the investors. From the above description of the mentioned, we can see that pass-through is the structure closest to satisfy the Islamic principle. Under pass-through, the cash flows collected are dedicated to the investors and the issuer only earns the service charge. Besides that, the security does not classify as a debt by the originator. Henceforth, conventional securitisation must be secluded according to research in different products and approaches and thus a large part of the conventional securitisation market à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" for example, mortgage backed securities, would be prohi bited because the income (though not the principal) element of the cash flow would be characterised as riba. Similarly, CDOs and other such instruments could not be allowed as an asset class as these represent à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Debtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? rather than an allowable commodity or activity. However, these restrictions do not mean that an Islamic securitisation market cannot develop. There are many classes of assets with a long history of securitisation that are halal (allowable), in particular any physical asset such as plant and machinery, and many of the techniques used in a conventional securitisation transaction are equally valid in an Islamic transaction. The remainder of this article will try to show just how similar those requirements are, and point out some further underlying differences in structuring a Sharià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢a compliant securitisation. Mervyn and Kabir (2007) conversed Islamic point of view of investments in different aspects according to ethics and moral besides regulatory framework and it is quite well defined perception that an investor needs a brighter depiction of profit generation to allow him to think about different financial intermediaries in this modern world though it is going through analysis time to time since many years following their psyche on the other hand banks being financial intermediary have to put through making most of it avoiding concept that money should not be loan according to legal maxims. According to Ayub M. (2007), Islamic principles can make the difference and that Islamic finance is passing significant milestones; which lead entrepreneurs not to stop putting their research on and on. Islamic researchers are more concerned meeting shariah compliant regulatory requirements. Sohail (2006) overstated that Islamic retail banking and finance is not only designated for Muslim community on ly; which means Islamic retail banking products are adopted to some extent because of their competency and efficiency, and are being used under the umbrella of conventional (non-Islamic) banks; they often call it as window for Islamic banking products. Detailed analysis of differences between Islamic securitisation and its conventional counterpart: Islamic lending transactions are governed by the precepts of the shariah, which bans interest and stipulates that income must be derived as return from entrepreneurial investment. Since Islamic finance is predicated on asset backing and specific credit participation in identified business risk, structuring shariah-compliant securitisation seems straightforward. As mentioned in by Kabir and Mervyn (2007) according to Humayoun A. Dar; fixed-return modes deals with the control and management of funds as clients have the possession which was made available by the investors, financial frameworks are often used with different areas of Islamic banking products like investment accounts based on mudharabah and saving account based on wadià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢a, inclusive of Islamic retail banking products like Islamic mortgages, Islamic auto finance, sukuk (Islamic bonds) and many other products dealt with the concept of asset-backing and riba-free i.e. Islamised frameworks. Nonetheless, financial institutions have been able to develop various forms of Islamic finance instruments that are virtually identical to their conventional counterparts in substance. Since most Islamic financial products are based on the concept of asset backing, the economic concept of asset securitisation is particularly amenable to the basic tenets of Islamic finance. Securiti sation under Islamic law bars interest income and must be structured in a way that rewards investors for their direct exposure to business risk, i.e., investors receive a share of profits commensurate to the risk they take on in lieu of pre-determined interest. All three asset types of Islamic finance are principally eligible for Islamic securitisation; however, unresolved issues, including restrictions on debt trading or the management of prepayment risk could limit their indiscriminate use as collateral. Characteristics of conventional securitisation only apply if they convey a sufficient element of ownership to investors as entrepreneurial investment in real economic activity within an interest-free structural arrangement. In addition, also administrative issues, such as underwriting standards, issue placement and the procurement of ratings, are subject to religious scrutiny. Any capital generated from securitised issuance under Islamic law is to be used exclusively used for the repayment of initial funding. Conventional securitisation, which originated in non-Islamic economies, invariably involves interest bearing debt. Although the religious prohibition of the exchange of debt and the required conferral of ownership interest to participate in business risk still poses challenges to further development of Islamic securitisation, the gradual acceptance of Islamic investment certificates, so-called sukuk bonds, represents a successful attempt to overcome these impediments based on the adequate interpretation and analogical reasoning of shariah principles applied in Islamic finance. Sukuks are shariah-compliant and tradable asset-backed, medium-term notes, which have been issued internationally by governments, quasi sovereign agencies, and corporations after their legitimization by the ruling of the Fiqh Academy of the Organization of the Islamic Conference in February of 1988. Sukuk notes convey equity interest to (capital market) investors in the form of a call option on partial or complete ownership of underlying reference assets, including the right to some calculable rate of return as a share of p rofit (secondary notes) and the repayment of the principal amount (primary notes). All three broad types of Islamic finance transactions (asset-, debt- and equity-based) can be reference assets of such Islamic securities. Following exhibits (3 and 4) provide the sukuk implementations. Detailed analysis of elements of risk shifting and risk sharing in securitisation process: Over the last five years, the sukuk has evolved as a viable form of capital-market-based Islamic structured finance, which reconciles the concept of securitisation and principles of the shariah law on the provision and use of financial products and services in a risk-mitigation structure subject to competitive pricing (El-Qorchi, 2005). Notwithstanding these religious constraints, Islamic finance can synthesize close equivalents to equity, mortgages, and derivatives known in conventional finance. To this end, it relies on structural arrangements of asset transfer between borrowers and lenders to emulate traditional interest-bearing financial contracts. Since lending transactions under Islamic law are based on the concept of asset backing and specific credit participation in identified business risk, it also appears relatively straightforward to structure a shariah-compliant asset-backed securitisation (ABS) that delivers a risk-return profile similar to a conventional structure. Howe ver, conventional securitisation was developed in non- Islamic economies and invariably involves interest-bearing debt. Essentially, asset securitisation represents a cost-efficient and flexible structured finance1 technique of liquidity transformation and risk transfer, which converts present or future asset claims of varying maturity and quality into tradable debt securities. The various methods of securitisation have much to offer, but so far they have found only limited acceptance in Islamic finance due to religious restrictions on the sale and purchase of interest-bearing debt and legal uncertainty surrounding the enforceability of investor interest under Islamic jurisprudence. Over the last five years, the nascent Islamic securitisation market has seen many positive developments owing to the adoption of enabling capital market regulations, a favorable macroeconomic environment, and financial innovation aimed at establishing shariah compliance. The most popular ABS structures w ithin Islamic finance are commonly referred to as sukuk bonds backed by either one of the three basic forms of Islamic finance (synthetic loans, sale- leasebacks, or profit-sharing arrangements). Asset securitisation describes the process and the result of issuing certificates of ownership as pledge against existing or future cash flows from a diversified pool of assets (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“reference portfolioà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?) to investors. (Jobst, 2006b). Foreign Investment Insurance Policy-à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?FIIPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? by The Islamic Corporation For The Insurance of Investment And   Export Credit à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ICIECà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Islamic securitisation transforms bilateral risk sharing between borrowers and lenders in Islamic finance into the market-based refinancing of one or more underlying Islamic finance transactions. Protection against basic risk; can be unless returns for investors are linked to the rate of interest on the underlying assets, there is a risk that the relationship between the rate paid on the underlying assets and that paid on the securities will differ over time. Normally a swap will be arranged to protect against this risk. In addition, conventional securitisation is virtually absent in Islamic countries, where Islamic home finance and sukuks provide a potentially untapped market for structured finance. Islamic securitisation complements the conventional ABS universe as an alternative and more diversified funding option that broadens the pricing spectrum and asset supply as high demand for alternative investment products causes greater lending width amid a low-yield market environment. In some circumstances, the shariah compliance also entails tax exemptions when investors hold direct ownership interest in the securitised assets. Conclusion: Islamic securitisation is a helpful and important tool, which must be carried out prior to the issuance of Islamic bonds or Islamic Debt Securities. By securitising assets, the Islamic way, Muslim investors can now participate in the bond market without worrying that the process of securitising the assets and issuing of the bonds are contradictory to the Islamic teachings. Islamic finance is being more attractive for not only the Muslim community but for non-muslim world. Its products are being progressive even though there been some hurdles and late development of Islamic banking and finance industry and moreover it is has been so securitised for customer satisfaction and avoided almost the pity of riba-based banking structure. In this regard, it has a more focus on the revision and research on the proposed and as well as on financial structures that are being practiced nowadays. It has been proven that many big names like HSBC, Lloyds and Standard Chartered are putting there focus on Islamic products and especially on retail banking products and securitisation products. Suggestions and Recommendations: Islamic Finance Expanding Rapidly (2007) by IMF(MCM Dept.) Many Islamic products have the thirst to be researched on and provided quite attractive picture for entrepreneur to spot focus on Islamic finance industry. Besides many Islamic retail banking products, Sukuk (i.e. Islamic Bonds à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" despite of the type), Takaful (Insurance) and Tawarruq (AAOIFI standardised loan) are called out as the future for Islamic banking and might have a better attraction to conventional banking world as well. References(s): Aggarwal, R. K. Yousef, T. (2000) Islamic Banking and Investment Financing, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing Ahmad Ausaf (1993) Research Paper 20: Contemporary practices of Islamic financing techniques, Islamic Research and Training Institute, Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah Ahmad Ausaf (1987) Development and Problems of Islamic Banks, Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah Ayub M. (2007) Understanding Islamic Finance, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chichester Commerz Bank, Securitisation of Banks, https://cbcm.commerzbank.com/en/site/banks/securitisation_cf_banks/index.jsp [Access Date: 14th August 2010] Deringer (2006), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Islamic finance: basic principles and structuresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Freshfields Bruckhaus Consultants, pp 30. Dualeh, S. (1998). Islamic Securitisation: Practical Aspects. Paper presented at the World Conference on Banking, July 8-9, 1998, Geneva. El-Qorchi, Mohammed (2005), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Islamic Finance Gears Up,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Finance and Development (December), International Monetary Fund (IMF), 46-9. Fabozzi, F. J. (ed). (2001). Accessing Capital Markets through Securitisation. New York: Fran J Fabozzi Associates. Hassan Kabir M. Lewis Mervyn K. (2007) Handbook of Islamic Banking, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., Cheltenham IMF, Islamic Finance Expanding Rapidly, URL: [Accessed on: 18th August 2010] https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2007/res0919b.htm Islamic Credit and Political Risk Insurance, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A Useful Risk Management Tool For Banksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?URL:https://www.kantakji.com/fiqh/Files/Insurance/Islamic%20Credit%20and%20Political%20Risk%20Insurance.htm [Access Date: 17th August 2010] Jaffar S. (2006) Islamic Retail Banking and Finance: Global Challenges and Opportunities, Euromoney Books, London Jobst, Andreas A. (2006b), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Asset Securitisation: A Refinancing Tool for Firms and Banks,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Managerial Finance, Vol. 32, No. 9, 731-60. Kazarian G. E. (1993) Islamic versus traditional banking: Financial Innovation in Egypt, Boulder: Westview Press Kothari, Vinod (n.d.). Securitisation: a Primer. Available at: URL:https://www.vinodkhotari.com/securitisation.htm, Access Date: 17th August 2010. Manjoo F. A., (2005) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Securitisation: An Important Recipe for Islamic Banksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ A Survey, Review of Islamic Economics, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2005, pp.53 Masum Billah, M. (unknown), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Sharià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ah Frameworks of Securitisation in the Capital Marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ URL: https://www.applied-islamicfinance.com/sp_securitisation_1.htm [Access Date: 10th August 2010] Mullineux, A. W. Murinde, V. (2003) Handbook of International Banking, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., Cheltenham Usmani M. M. T. (1988), An Introduction to Islamic Finance, Islamic Publication, pp. 1-5, Karachi Zaher, Tarek S. Hassan, Kabir M. (2001) A comparative Literature Survey of Islamic Finance and Banking; Financial Markets, Institutions and Intruments, Blackwell, New York

The Odyssey vs the Lord of the Rings - 1526 Words

Comparing the Odyssey to the Lord of the Rings The Lord of the Rings and Odyssey are two very weird stories in my opinion. The two stories include several similarities. The most noteworthy similarity of the two that were in common was the use of themes. Both included similar themes such as, life, death,power, brotherly love, myth, temptation, and journey. One thing I noticed was the use of several different themes included in both stories. In the Lord of the Rings the inhabitants of Middle Earth join to save themselves from enslavement. Centuries before, a ring was forged putting much power into control of who had it. Some men fell into that power, but an alliance of men and elves defeated it. The Ring was†¦show more content†¦In the case of the Sirens, the theme is revisited simply for its own interest. With their ears plugged, the crew members sail safely by the Sirens’ island, while Odysseus, longing to hear the Sirens’ sweet song, is saved from folly only by his foresighted command to his crew to keep him bound to the ship’s mast. Homer is fascinated with depicting his protagonist tormented by temptation: in general, Odysseus and his men want very desperately to complete their nostos, or homecoming, but this desire is constantly at odds with the other pleasures that the world offers As for the authors, Tolkien was well-versed and well-educated in the classics. He spoke ancient Greek fluently and would have known the works of Homer inside and out. No doubt his works were influenced by Homer in at least a minor way. Unfortunately we know very little about Homer, and in fact some scholars’ debate whether he even existed, so drawing comparisons to the two authors may be difficult. What we can consider however is the theory that Homer was a member of a group of poets called the Homeridae, which literally means hostages. These men were believed to be descendants of prisoners of war and as such, were not sent to war due to their dubious loyalties. Homer no doubt bore witne ss to many conflicts and used his writings to warn against the dangers of war. Similarly, Tolkien confined the Lord of the Rings after heShow MoreRelatedThe Managerial Odyssey1882 Words   |  8 Pagespositive motivation (When is motivation effective?). He then went further into detail about the motivations I should stay away from. He told me the positive motivations were the ones that got me through life and not just the day (Short-term motivators vs. long-term motivators). I told him my motivation was to defend the good against the bad at all costs. I wanted to lay my life down on the line for those who couldn’t defend themselves against the bullies. 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